The modification and concentration of supposedly desirable human traits (and eliminations of supposedly undesirable ones) by selective breeding programmes and/or the sterilization of the "unfit" has frequently been considered in sf since the earliest times. Tommaso Campanella's Civitas Solis ["The City of the Sun"] (1623) unusually features eugenic breeding guided by astrology. Aldous Huxley's human castes in Brave New World (1932) are not purely eugenic creations, being also subject to chemical and psychological adaptation to the roles. From the later twentieth century, eugenics in sf has generally been eclipsed by the very much more dramatic possibilities of direct Genetic Engineering (which see).
Early examples of eugenic speculation, often directed towards Utopian or Dystopian societies, include Joseph Carne-Ross's Quintura: Its Singular People and Remarkable Customs (1886); Edward Payson Jackson's A Demigod: A Novel (1886); C Wicksteed Armstrong's The Yorl of the Northmen (1892) as by Charles Strongi'th'arm; Will N Harben's The Land of the Changing Sun (1894); Eugene Shade Bisbee's The Treasure of the Ice (1898); Alexander Craig's Ionia: Land of Wise Men and Fair Women (1898); Geo W Bell's Mr Oseba's Last Discovery (1904 New Zealand); Charlotte Haldane's Man's World (1926); C E Jacomb's And A New Earth: A Romance (1926); Katharine Burdekin's The Rebel Passion (1929); David J Footman's The Yellow Rock (1929) – a Yellow Peril novel; Aelfrida Tillyard's Concrete: A Story of Two Hundred Years Hence (1930); and Leslie A Howard's The Magnificent Eugenic (1933). M P Shiel's "The S.S." (in Prince Zaleski, coll 1895) is couched as a detective problem in which an apparent suicide epidemic is in fact a cull of the supposedly unfit by the sinisterly idealistic "Society of Sparta". A particular and prophetic focus on eugenics as it might be practised in Germany is central to Owen Gregory's Meccania, the Super State (1918) and Milo Hastings's City of Endless Night (June-November 1919 True Story as "Children of 'Kultur'"; rev 1920), though neither could anticipate the full horror of Nazi experimentation.
In the Pulp magazines, David H Keller wrote several stories about quasi-blasphemous eugenic tampering with human form and nature, most notably "Stenographer's Hands" (Fall 1928 Amazing Stories Quarterly), about a eugenic experiment to breed the perfect typist, with reduced initiative and a wasted body but jolly capable hands. Larger-scale eugenic programmes are featured in Robert Heinlein's Methuselah's Children (July-September 1941 Astounding; rev 1958), whose "Howard Families" have bred for long life and in at least one case achieved seeming Immortality; the same author's Beyond This Horizon (April-May 1942 Astounding as by Anson MacDonald; 1948); Gordon R Dickson's Dorsai sequence – including the significantly titled The Genetic General (May-July 1959 Astounding as "Dorsai!"; cut 1960 dos; text restored vt Dorsai! 1976) – where humanity divides into "splinter" cultures which eugenically enhance particular traits including those of the warrior, Scientist, mystic (> Psi Powers) and fanatical devotee of Religion; Frank Herbert's Dune (fixup 1965), with the Bene Gesserit women attempting to produce the perfect Messiah; Larry Niven's Ringworld (1970), whose character Teela Brown is the end-product of an experiment in breeding for luck; and Orson Scott Card's Ender's Game (August 1977 Analog; much exp 1985), whose child hero is one of many attempts to breed a Superman of battle strategy.
Eugenics presumes some kind of improvement; its converse is dysgenics, where "wrong" choices of breeding partner (frequently with some implied racial bias; > Race in SF) lead to deterioration of the species. H G Wells suggests such a development in The Time Machine (1895; rev 1895), with its hardening of human class divisions into the effete Eloi and brutish Morlocks, neither of them whole human beings. A notorious Thought Experiment in dysgenics – implausible since intelligence does not have simple genetic roots – is "The Marching Morons" (April 1951 Galaxy) by C M Kornbluth, where a tiny minority of bright folk (whose sensible ancestors used contraception) wearily look after a vast population of dullards (whose dim ancestors didn't). This notion is reprised in an episode of Kornbluth's and Frederik Pohl's Search the Sky (1954; rev by Pohl 1985). [DRL/BS]
see also: Mary E Bradley Lane; Overpopulation.
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